1. Historical background to differences between North and South (both in the US and in Italy)
    1. The USA and the Civil War (1861-65)
    2. L'Italia dei due Regni
      1. Il regno d’Italia (il Nord)
      2. Il regno di Napoli (il Sud)
  2. Stereotypes
    1. North VS South USA
    2. Nord Vs Sud Italia
  3. Secession?
    1. Movements for the independence: three cases.
      1. The Alaskan Idependence Party
      2. The Second Vermont Republic
      3. The League of the South (LoS)
    2. Secessione in Italia: il caso "Lega Nord"
      1. Storia della "Lega Nord" 
      2. Dichiarazione di indipendenza della Padania di Umberto Bossi: video
      3. PROGRAMMA PER LE ELEZIONI 2008

 

m e m b e r s:

 

Federico: federico.fiorentin@yahoo.it

 

Kristen: chankr@dickinson.edu

 

Marina: mary-sea@libero.it

 

Alessia: ferrara.alessia@libero.it

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

 

Welcome to the Wikipage dedicated to the stereotypes between North and South in the USA and in Italy.

In order to guide you into this reality, the page is divided into three main parts:

 

· the first part deals with the origins of stereotypes, both in the USA and in Italy;

 

· the second part explains the different prejudices between North and South;

 

· the third part introduces you to which states and regions want to secede and why.

 

Enjoy our wikipage! ;-)

 

 

 

Historical background to differences between North and South (both in the US and in Italy)

 

 

 

The USA and the Civil War (1861-65)

 

 

 

By 1850, the USA was already divided between North and South. From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the North and the South grew in a very different way. In the North, industries boomed and the majority of the population left the rural areas to settle in the newly established large cities; transportation facilities improved enormously and slavery had been replaced with immigrant labour from Europe. In the South, the economy grew thanks to agriculture , especially cotton crops, and people lived on the farms and plantations cultivated by slaves.[1] “By 1850 the American South grew more than 80 percent of the world’s cotton”[2]. The issue that mostly divided the North and the South was slavery, which was considered as the main reason of the Civil War. Slavery was considered essential for the agricultural economy of the South, but was firmly condemned by the North. "In some seaboard areas, slavery by 1850 was well lover 200 years old; it was an integral part of the basic economy of the region”[3]. As a consequence, slavery was defended by all Southerners, not only by the minority of masters who owned the majority of the slaves, but also by yeomen and poor whites.

 

The Civil War would resolve two fundamental issues: “whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government, and whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world.”[4]

The abolitionist movement emerged in the early 1830s, led by William Lloyd Garrison. A young man from Massachussets, Garrison wanted to make the people aware of the atrocities of slavery and condemn slave masters as “torturers and traffickers in human life”[5] .

 

Abraham Lincoln considered slavery as an evil. When he was elected as a President of the Republican Party, in 1860, seven slave states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. These states were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. Lincoln and the Northern people refused to recognize the Confederation. 

 

Fort Sumter National Monument in Charleston Harbor, SC. (by Andy961on flickr)

 

 

The first battle between the Union and the new Confederation started at Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay on April 12, 1861. Four more slave states seceded and became part of the Confederation. The North had the advantages of more population, weapons, clothing and a very good network of railways. On the other hand, the South could be advantaged by the position, as the battles happened in the South. Lincoln blocked the Southern coasts, so that the exportation of cottons and the importation of munition and supplies decreased enormously. Because of the victory of the North in 1865, by June 1868, Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, and by 1870 also Mississippi, Texas and Virginia accepted the congressional terms of the Military Reconstruction Act, and were readmitted to the Union. Slaves were freed, but the issue of equality raised only in the 20th century as a national issue.

 

 

 

Map of the Confederate States of America (Answers.com)

 

 

Differences between North and South come also from the origins of their inhabitants. The Northern people come from the Puritan settlers of Southern England, while the Southern people come from Northern England, Scotland, and northern England. Since before the Roman Empire, these groups have been fighting and the corrispondent Hadrian's Wall in Great Britain (the boundary between Scotland and England in Great Britain) is the Mason-Dixon Line in the USA. Known as the line that divides the Southern States favourable to slavery and the abolitionist Northern States, the Mason-Dixon line was determined during the years 1763 through 1767 by Nixon and Mason, who surveyed the boundaries of the three colonies of Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.[6]

 

 

 

(From Wikipedia.org)

 

 

 

L'Italia dei due Regni

 

Oggi si trovano molte differenze fra il Nord e il Sud nell’Italia, e queste differenze sono state modellate dalla storia d’Italia. Prima dell’unificazione italiana, l’Italia apparteneva a molti paesi diversi. L’Austria possedeva la maggior parte del Nord, e aveva sviluppato l’economia in quest’area. A causa di questo sviluppo dell’economia, il Nord era diventato ricco, mentre il Sud era rimasto povero. Questa disuguaglianza è il punto da cui le differenze fra il Nord ed il Sud sono cominciate.

Molti credono che l’unificazione d’Italia sia il lavoro di Napoleone Bonaparte durante la sua regnanza in Europa. Quando Napoleone salì al potere, espresse il desiderio di unificare l’area italiana (Scala, 28). Poi, Napoleone impose le riforme francesi, e queste favorirono lo sviluppo dell’economia. Napoleone fece combattere anche gli italiani nelle sue guerre, e poi gli italiani si sentirono nella stessa armata sotto la stessa bandiera, e questo ispirò un senso di nazionalismo. Molti studiosi di storia dicono che le prove per unificare l’Italia contribruirono al movimento del Risorgimento (Scala, 32).

 

Il regno d’Italia (il Nord)

Napoleone divise l’Italia in due importanti parti: il regno d’Italia e il regno di Napoli. Lui mantenne il potere sull’Italia, ma concesse anche qualche potere agli italiani nel governo. Ciononostante, Napoleone volle sviluppare il regno d’Italia nel Nord nelle speranze di collegare l’economia di Francia e Italia. Volle rivaleggiare con l’economia dell’Inghilterra per guadagnare più potere nella sfruttata potenza con i britannici (Scala, 33). Purtroppo, perfino con l’avanzamento dell’economia, i francesi non aiutarono le classi meno agiate, e quindi vissero in povertà nel corso degli anni.

 

Il regno di Napoli (il Sud)

Il regno di Napoli non era potente come la sua controparte nel Nord a causa degli alti tassi di povertà e la mancanza di modernizzazione. Prima di Napoleone, la monarchia dei Borbone ebbe il potere nel Sud, ma quando l’esercito francese invase il territorio, il fratello di Napoleone fu nominato re del regno di Napoli. Le stesse riforme che aiutarono il nord a svilluparsi non funzionarono nel Sud a causa del sottosviluppo (Scala, 34). Inoltre, gli ufficiali napoletani non vollero aumentare drasticamente la situazione della zona, e poi non ci furono i miglioramenti sufficienti nelle condizioni economiche e sociali.

 

Dal regno e il caduto di Napoleone, e il regno in Italia dell’Austria, l’unificazione d’Italia è dimenticata la realtà, ma non in questo modo si intendere che l’egualità sia stata ottenata fra il Nord e il Sud. Lo sviluppo economico nel Nord lasciò il Sud povero e sottosviluppato. Attraverso la storia d’Italia, il Sud sperimentò tassi alti di analfabetismo, mortalità e povertà, promuovendo la divisione del benessere delle due parti.

 

 

 

Stereotypes

 

North VS South USA

 

Stereotypes between the North and the South of the USA are pervasive among the Americans both in an ironic and pejorative way. The situation is quite similar to the one we have here in Italy: the cultural differences between the two areas of the same country create prejudice and generalized opinions that are often wrong. Standardization and simplification are, generally speaking, the main features of stereotypes and these are often based on “minimal or limited knowledge about a group to which the person doing the stereotyping does not belong”[7]. 
 
The way I chose to go deep into this subject was that of reading some blog posts or comments on American internet forums[8] concerning this topic. Actually, these are free virtual places where people usually write what they think directly, without restrictions or strong censorship. Although some of them were more racial insults than stereotypes and considering that this is always a very subjective matter, I developed a general idea about the most common kind of stereotypes and how they are used in the States. In particular, I decided to focus on the overall commonplaces between the North and the South of the USA and did not pay much attention to the huge quantity of local stereotypes you can find within every single state, among cities or between cities and their outskirts.
 

                                        

                                                             (picture1 from http://www.ourworldtravels.com/owt/deep-south/route-61-south-l.jpg)

                                                        (picture2 from http://www.sapere.it/tc/img/Geografia/percorsi/Urbanizzazione/New-York.jpg)

 
 
At this point it is important to distinguish between the stereotype itself and how people use it. It is true that stereotypes tend to have often a negative connotation, but they should not be limited to that alone because stereotypes can reflect also positive aspects of people, if recognized by general consent. For example, people in the southern states are considered more friendly, outgoing and sunny than the cold distant people from the North.
 
However, what emerges from the comments on the internet, of course, is that stereotypes are used mostly to fix the borders among people with different backgrounds and to emphasize the differences, especially through vituperation. On one hand, the use of stereotypes for discrimination seems more distinguishing for the people from the northern areas. In many cases, they tend to talk about the southerners using quite offensive terms, which easily become insults at times. On the other hand, people from the South just tend to differentiate from them and employ less hurtful tones.
 
The general distinction between the Yankees (the northerners) and the Rednecks or Hicks (the southerners) derives from the Civil War and was firstly referred to the political and economical differences between the two areas of the country. Nonetheless, as time went by, people started using these words to discriminate against people from the opposite side of the country and their different cultural characteristics and local habits. In this way they added stereotypical meanings to these words and today they are very rich in ironic and harmful intentions.
 

(picture from http://amranshriners.us/images/photos/hillbillies/FredPickett-with-his-kin.jpg)

 
As far as main stereotypes are concerned, the Yankees are seen as cold, distant and sophisticated. Since schools tend to have higher standards in the North and jobs are better paid there, they are supposed to be more educated, richer and extremely devoted to their jobs. They seem to be not very social, but really egocentric. They tend to stay inside working and watching TV or spend their free time taking care of their mental and physical health. They are very concerned about their appearance and are generally tidy and neat. In the relationship with people they are often brusque and curt, sometimes even arrogant and uncaring. However, they are generally open and very tolerant of every kind of “diversity”. The Southerners think they are very fast, modern and progressive, but very materialistic. They are more interested in politics than they are in religion and tend to develop very personal lifestyles. One characteristic is that they are usually different from each other and less standardized.
 

 (picture from: http://www.jobevents.nl/images/nieuws/businessmen.jpg)
Switching now to the main stereotypes concerning the South, people are seen as friendly and very outgoing among them, but they are very reluctant to accept those different from them. They like staying in the open air and are very laid back. They are quite narrow-minded and very conservative (pointed out as racists). They are much poorer are not open towards differences and progress. This is viewed as a sign of lack of ambition and, in worser cases, even a lack of intelligence. In some cases they are considered inferior and a little behind, because the education has lower standards in the South and the majority are rural people. They are criticised for their simplistic and strange way of talking that many people in the North consider incomprehensible and unbearable. From the physical point of view, Southerners seem to look similar to each other and do not care much about their appearance. They tend to conform and are described as fat people and very unfashionable: the stereotyped image of the southern man is that of a big man with long hair and full of tattoos. Another aspect is religious mass fanaticism, which is quite condemned in the North.
 

 (picture from: http://www.dba-oracle.com/images/redneck_mentor.jpg)
 
In conclusion, it’s important to underline that “Yankee” is a more general term used by southerners to define those from the North, while the term Rednecks refers mainly to a specific group of people (in particular from the south eastern states), even if it is often used in a very generalized way. A wide-ranging debate involving many people is underway; there is an effort to distinguish between the Redneck stereotype and the Redneck philosophy[9], to explain what rednecks are, their origins and the deep principles in which they believe.
 
 

Nord Vs Sud Italia

 
    Quando si pensa all’Italia, si pensa ai duomi stravaganti, ai famosi capolavori d’arte, e al cibo squisito.  Gli italiani sono rilassati, e non hanno mai fretta.  Tipicamente, non si pensa alle differenze negli stereotipi all’interno d’Italia: fra il Nord e il Sud.

 

    Ovviamente, le differenze del Nord e del Sud avevano modellato molti stereotipi del popolo italiano.  L’economia del Nord era tradizionalmente più affermata, e quindi la gente nel Nord aveva sempre più l’influenza degli stereotipi.  Ci sono molte idee del meridionale tipico, ma non ci sono molti stereotipi dell’abitante tipico del Nord.  Purtroppo, molti credono che questo è a causa del potere del Nord sul Sud.

 

 

Il Nord

Come ho detto io, non ci sono molti stereotipi del Nord.  Nessuno sa la ragione per la quale non ci siano, ma forse è perchè la gente del Nord aveva fatto gli stereotipi del Sud.  A causa dello sviluppo economico e sociale, il Nord era sempre più moderno e industriale (Scala,152).  Quindi, gli stereotipi degli italiani qui sono che loro siano  intelligenti e moderni.  Siano familiari con il mondo fuori d’Italia, e poi, loro discriminarono gli italiani del Sud, si chiamando “i terroni, un nome con una connotazione molto negativa.

 

 

Il Sud

 

L’idea della persona tipica del Sud non è tradizionalmente buona.  Storicamente, c’è molta povertà nel Sud, e quindi le persone qui avevano molti problemi sociali.  C’erano molti programmi per migliorare la situazione nel Sud, ma niente non funzionò (Watkins, “The Regions of Italy”).  La maggioranza dei stereotipi erano modellate dalle differenze dell’educazione e dell’economia.

 

Nell’Italia in 1871, il tasso d’analfabetismo era 72.9 percento, un percento estremamente alto (Scala, 160).  In 1901, il tasso d’analfabetismo si ridusse da 25 percento nel Nord, ma nel Sud, il tasso era ancora più di 50 percento (Scala, 160).  A causa di questa differenza nell’educazione, gli italiani nel Nord credevano che gli italiani nel Sud erano stupidi e ignoranti.  Oggi, il tasso d’analfabetismo non è alta come in 1871, ma questo è ancora la percezione.

 

L’economia del Sud non era buona come il Nord, e poi molte persone reagirono per adattarsi alla situazione.  Purtroppo, le riforme che funzionarono nel Nord, non funzionarono nel Sud, e poi, gli italiani nel Sud soffersero.  Il popolo aumentò, ma non c’erano le risorse sufficiente.  Quindi, molti caddero nella povertà, a causa dei prezzi più alti.  Gli italiani che rimasero nel Sud lavorarono ancora le percore e vissero una vita rural (Scala, 154).  Molti immigrarono dell’area e la maggioranza andarono al Nord, dove loro sentirono molta discriminazione.

 

A causa di questi problemi, la Mafia ottenne più potere nel Sud, specificamente in Sicilia.  Sviluppa un sistema dell’intimidazione e la paura, further corrempendo il sistema corrente (Scala, 155).  Lo stato non funzionò efficacemente, e poi l’influenza della Mafia aumentò attraverso gli anni.  Quindi, molti pensano della corruzione politica e ecnomica quando pensano del Sud.

 

 

 

 

 

Secession?

* These are not personal political opinions, but things and facts as they are presented in the bibliography I used. (alessiaf.)

 

 

 

U.S. P o l i t i c a l M a p

 

 

 http://www.map-of-usa.co.uk/images/usa-politcal-map.jpg

 

 

 

Movements for the independence: three cases.

 

“Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio) is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or political entity. (…) Typically there is a strong issue difference that drives the withdrawal. Though the term is often associated with full Civil War, there are different degrees of secession, some as minor as a particular neighborhood seeking to become a separate municipality from a larger city, while still maintaining greater local or national ties.”[10]

 

 

The Secessionist Convention in Chattanooga, Tennessee,2006.

 

 

 

At the end of the Second North American Secessionist Convention, which took place in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on October 2006, all the delegates of secessionist movements drew an official declaration[11] summarizing the truths on which they all agree:

 

1. The deepest questions of human liberty and government facing our time go beyond right and left, and in fact have made the old left-right split meaningless and dead;

 

2. The privileges, monopolies, and powers that private corporations have won from government threaten everyone’s health, prosperity, and liberty, and have already killed American self-government by the people;

 

3. The power of corporations endangers liberty as much as government power, especially when they are combined as in the American Empire;

 

4. Liberty can only survive if political power is returned from faraway and self-interested centers to local communities and states;

 

5. The American Empire is no longer a nation or a republic, but has become a tyrant aggressive abroad and despotic at home;

 

6. The states of the American union are and of right ought to be, free and self-governing;

 

7. Without secession, liberty and self-government can never be sustained, and diversity among human societies can never survive.

 

 

The Alaskan Idependence Party

 

 

 Taken from: http://flagspot.net/flags/us%7Dak-ip.html

 

 

 

"Political parties, both Republican and Democrat, dominate from Washington, D.C., and quite understand the political problems, or opportunities, in an arctic and subarctic country."[12]

Walter J. Hickel

 

"I'm an Alaskan, not an American. I've got no use for America or her damned institutions."[13]

Joe Vogler

 

 

The Alaskan Independence Party founded by Joe Vogler becomes officially recognized from the State of Alaska in 1984. As the name of the party suggests, this is a secessionist movement and one of the most significant party within the state operating in the 21st century. Its policy, the so-called “Alaska First”, focuses both on the land development and resources. From an ideological point of view this political party is generally considered as ‘a hybrid of conservative Republicanism, populism and libertarianism’.[14]The AIP mainly focuses on Alaskan issues giving priority to the question of secession in order to have a state completely independent and autonomous; as the majority of members and supporters maintain the United States are surely characterized by a unity of language and custom, but the main interests of citizens are not the same. Taking a look at the political platform the main issues are: to grant the right to keep and bear weapons, to keep on a process of privatization of government's services and to ban property taxes. As far as the environment is concerned, the founder of the AIP firmly argue for the ‘private ownership and widespread development of Alaska land’.[15]

 

 

The Second Vermont Republic

 

 

 Taken from: http://www.vermontrepublic.org/photo_gallery/independence_icons/svr_flag

 

 

According to the “Boston.com”, an online newspaper, people want Vermont to secede peacefully from the United States Union. The main arguments for secession are provided by the Vermont Commons, a multimedia newspaper conceived to represent Vermonters’ ideas and dedicated to a specific proposal: Vermonters should secede from the United States Empire and govern themselves as a more sustainable independent republic as they did from 1777 to 1791. Vermont wants secession because of the new realities which characterized our century, such as climate change, the need of energy independence, an “endless war on terror”, electoral fraud, the culture of militarism and war. The editor clearly maintains that ‘the United States is no longer a republic governed by its citizens, but an Empire that is essentially ungovernable’[16]; the central government is perceived as something too much corrupted and which no longer serves the needs of its citizens. On this matter, the newspaper strongly asserts that ‘the 21st century Vermont, working in concert with neighbors and the rest of the world may better be able to feed, power, educate and care for its citizens as an independent 21st century republic than as one of fifty states within the U.S. Empire.’[17] The central government is criticized also by a small group of writers and academics: they call it an empire about to fall, so that they’re planning political strategies and ‘planting the seeds of separatism’. As a matter of fact, they published the so-called Green Mountain Manifesto subtitled “Why and How Tiny Vermont Might Help Save America From Itself By Seceding From the Union.[18]

 

 

 

The League of the South (LoS)

 

 

 

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:League_of_the_South_Logo.jpg

 

 

This political organisation,whose ultimate purpose is ‘a free and independent Southern Republic'[19],is definitely comparable to the Italian political party “Lega Nord,” which promotes a complete independence and autonomy of the Northern Italy. The LoS, which was founded in 1994 by Michael Hill and a group of forty others members, wants the Southern people to be free and independent from the so-called central Empire at all levels: culturally, socially, economically and politically.  To be more precise it’s a right-wing neo-Confederate nationalist organization[20] (it includes 9000 people organized in 20 states) which aim at creating a new confederation of states but with different boundaries from the past confederation (the one created during the Civil War). 

 

At the beginning, the group pointed out the concept that only people coming from the South were commonly denigrated among U.S. population by the superior culture of the Yankee in the North. Currently, the group acts on the basis of a particular thesis: they, the Southern people, belong to a specific and ancient ethnicity, the Celtic one, thus this ethnic distinction should give to the LS members the right to create a distinguishing and independent community within the US. It’s exactly this ethnicity that gives the LS the chance to locate itself ‘alongside Celtic nationalist groups in Europe, most significantly the Lega Nord in Italy with whom the League of the South co-hosted a conference on separatism in 2000’.[21]

 

This political movement strongly maintains that it’s not racist even if evidences show otherwise: according to the LoS founder ‘It is time for us, as Southern whites, to look to our own well being and defence against these thugs’[22] then he added that ‘it is time we demand that respectable members of the 'minority community' control their debased 'brothers and sisters.'[23] What’s more and dreadful is that the founder has never said anything about the criminals who have murdered black people over the last few years, all in the name of creating a whiter America.

 

 

 

Secessione in Italia: il caso "Lega Nord"

 

Storia della "Lega Nord"[24] 

 

 

Il 14/6/87 Umberto Bossi costituisce la Lega Lombarda (Nasce la Lega Nord). Il nuovo partito si fonda sui principi di federalismo, liberismo e decentramento amministrativo; dall’anno della sua fondazione al 1989, la Lega triplica i suoi voti. Il 14 febbraio 1991 la Lega Lombarda e la Liga Veneta si fondano e nasce la Lega Nord. Bossi viene accusato di voler infrangere l’unità d’Italia, ma a queste accuse il leader del partito risponde che vorrebbe un’Italia costituita da due (Nord e Sud) o al massimo tre maxi-regioni (Nord, Centro e Sud). Per queste ragioni il suo obiettivo è un’amministrazione decentrata dal punto di vista economico, educativo e sanitario.

 

Nel 1994 si viene a costituire il Polo della Libertà, formato da Lega Nord, il partito di Silvio Berlusconi (Forza Italia) CD (Centro Destra) e Liberali. Bossi non voleva includere il partito MSI (Movimento Sociale Italiano) nel Polo, ma Berlusconi organizza un “polo del Buon Governo” al Sud insieme al MSI. Il Polo vincerà le elezioni del 1994, ma le contraddizioni all’interno della coalizioni emergeranno sin da subito, tanto che Bossi firmerà la mozione di sfiducia, assieme all’opposizione, nel 1995, facendo cadere il governo. Nel 2001 la Lega Nord di Bossi torna alle elezioni con il partito di Berlusconi e riuscirà a rimanere al governo per l’intero mandato fino al 2006. Alle ultime elezioni del 13-14 aprile 2008, il partito di Bossi sarà la più grande sorpresa, ed otterrà un forte incremento dei voti (Veneto 27,09 %, Lombardia 21,62%, Trentino 16,44% le regioni con il maggior numero di voti).

 

 

 

Dichiarazione di indipendenza della Padania di Umberto Bossi: video

 

 

 

 

PROGRAMMA PER LE ELEZIONI 2008

 

Per le elezioni del 13 e 14 aprile 2008, il partito della Lega Nord ha proposto 5 risoluzioni per la Padania. Tra queste, il federalismo legislativo, amministrativo e giudiziario, ed una risoluzione per l'immigrazione[25]:

 

 

 

Le cinque risoluzioni per la Padania

 

Domenica 2 marzo sono state presentate le seguenti cinque risoluzioni che rappresentano le priorità della Lega Nord in vista delle

elezioni del 13 e 14 aprile.

 

Le risoluzioni sono state votate e approvate all’unanimità

dal Parlamento del Nord

 

 

Federalismo

Stato federale articolato in tre macroregioni rappresentate da un Senato federale. Le macroregioni avranno sovranità in termini di potere legislativo, amministrativo e giudiziario
[Risoluzione federalismo istituzionale]

 

Fisco

Le regioni padane devono avere a disposizione il 90% del gettito fiscale del proprio territorio. La riscossione delle imposte spetta alle Regioni e non più alla Tesoreria unica
[Risoluzione federalismo fiscale]

 

Immigrazione

Più potere ai sindaci nel contrasto all'immigrazione selvaggia e clandestina, più rigore nei requisiti d'ingresso. Moratoria nella costruzione di nuove moschee
[Risoluzione immigrazione]

 

Sicurezza e legalità

Equiparare la polizia locale alla polizia di Stato e ai carabinieri. Potere d'espulsione dei clandestini ai sindaci. Gli stranieri devono dimostrare di avere un lavoro e un reddito minimo
[Risoluzione sicurezza]

 

Infrastrutture

Far volare Malpensa e la Padania attraverso Tav, Pedemontana, gli assi stradali e ferroviari del Sempione, Gottardo e Brennero, regionalizzare le autostrade e potenziare il trasporto fluviale
[Risoluzione infrastrutture]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Footnotes

  1. McPherson, James M. (2008). North vs South. Last retrieved: 29th April, 2008. http://www.civilwarexplorer.org/AREA002.asp?9002003000000 ▲
  2. University of Groningen, 2006. "Lands of Promise" from "An Outline of American History". Last retrieved: 29th April 2008. http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/H/1994/ch6_p2.htm ▲
  3. University of Groningen, 2006. Slavery and Sectionalism from "An Outline of American History". Last retrieved: 29th April 2008. http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/H/1994/ch6_p3.htm ▲
  4. McPherson, James M. (2008). The American Civil War. Last retrieved: 29th April 2008. http://www.civilwarexplorer.org/AREA002.asp ▲
  5. University of Goringen (2006). "The Abolitionists" from "An Outline of American History". Last retrieved: 29th April 2008. http://www.civilwarexplorer.org/AREA002.asp ▲
  6. Macmillan Information Now Encyclopedia "The Confederacy." (2002). Last retrieved: 29th April, 2008. http://www.civilwarhome.com/masondixon.htm ▲
  7. from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia, word: Stereotype (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype), last retrieved 05-11-08. ▲
  8. There were many websites I visited, but the two I found more interesting are: 1) City-Data, www.city-data.com, last retreived 05-11-08, especially: -http://www.city-data.com/forum/general-u-s/61401-north-versus-south-what-really-main.html -http://www.city-data.com/forum/general-u-s/297318-north-vs-south-7.html 2) Urban Dictionary, www.urbandicionary.com, last retreived 05-11-08, especially: -http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=redneck -http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=hick ▲
  9. See more at The Redneck Lounge website, where you can find the following article: Donald K. Burleson, The Redneck Philosophy, 03-05-04, last retreived 05-11-08 (http://therednecklounge.com/RedneckPhilosophy.aspx) ▲
  10. "Secession" from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. This page was last modified on April 28, 2008. Retrieved on May 2, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession. ▲
  11. "The Chattanooga Declarationâ from âThe Second North American Secessionist Conventionâ. Last updated on May 16, 2007. Retrieved on May 5, 2008 from http://www.Second North American Secession Convention - 2007.mht ▲
  12. Alaskan Idependence Party. Last updated 2006. Retieved on May 5, 2008 from http://www.akip.org/introduction.html. ▲
  13. Ibidem ▲
  14. The Alaskan Independence Party (AIP). Last updated on 2006. Retrieved on May 5, 2008 from http://Introduction to the Alaskan Independence Party.mht ▲
  15. Idem ▲
  16. âVoices of Independenceâ from Vermont Commons. Last updated on May 2008. Retrieved on may 5, 2008 from http://www.vtcommons.org/about-us ▲
  17. "In Vermont nascent secession movement gains traction" from "Boston.com". Last updated on June 3, 2007. Retrieved on May 5, 2008 from http://www.boston.com/news/local/vermont/articles/2007/06/03/in_vermont_nascent_secession_movement_gains_traction ▲
  18. Idem ▲
  19. âThe league of the Southâ from âWikipedia, the free encyclopediaâ. Last updated on May 3, 2008. Retrieved on May 5 ,2008 from http://League of the South - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht ▲
  20. Hague, Euan âInternationalizing Celtic Nationalism: The League of the South and the neo-Confederate Movement in the United Statesâ from âAll Academic Researchâ. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention. Updated on Feb. 28, 2007. Retrieved o May 5, 2008 from ▲
  21. Idem ▲
  22. âA league of their ownâ. Last updated on 2008. Retrieved on May 5, 2008 from http://SPLCenter_org A League of Their Own.mht. ▲
  23. Idem ▲
  24. "Storia della lega nord". Retrieved on May 5, 2008 from http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1991a17.htm ▲
  25. http://www.leganord.org/elezioni/2008/5punti/default.asp. Last retrieved, May 6th, 2008. ▲


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    Marina:Hi Kristen, I've read through your texts and made some corrections. Please rephrase the last paragraph of the first part because I can't understand the meaning. Marina
    Marina:Hi guys! I'm sorry I cannot attend today's lesson because I have a terrible cold and I have no voice :-( I hope to not have a temperature but I don't want to check! See you on Wednesday... For Kristen: Hi Kristen, asap I will read your part and check if there are any mistakes. Enjoy your summer! Marina
    Kristen Chan:When I put up the rest of my part, I'm going to need help to sort out the footnotes.... Sorry for being technologically stupid.
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